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B12
Vitamins
Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
No UL established; key for neurologic and hematologic function.
What it is
B12 supplementation is especially relevant for vegans/vegetarians, older adults, and people with absorption-limiting conditions or medication exposures.
How it works
Cofactor in DNA synthesis and methylation; deficiency causes anemia and neurologic dysfunction.
What the evidence says
Strong for preventing/correcting deficiency; particularly important for vegan diets and certain medication users.
Safety Notes
- No UL established; high oral doses are common due to absorption limits.
- metformin: Associated with reduced B12 status; monitoring recommended.
- PPIs/H2 blockers (long-term): Can reduce absorption from food; monitoring may be needed.